Nationalism & Realism Notes
Spielvogel Chapter 22
- Nations Increase Power
- Of great powers, only Britain & Russia had escaped revolution
- Britain ahead, Russia behind
- Russia
- Behind – and becoming aware of how behind it is
- Stuck in middle ages with serfs as ¾ of population (70M)
- Tsar Alexander II (1855-81) committed to modernization
- partially freed serfs
- could marry, own property, & sue
- worst land, expected to pay for it
- led to problems for former serfs
- 1881 – Alexander II killed by radicals who wanted rapid change
- Alex III took over – even more repressive
- Again, people stupidly limit their own power
- Great Britain
- England grew economically
- Social – Victorian Age
- Named for Queen Victoria (1837-1901), who set attitude
- Sense of duty
- Moral respectability (clothing styles, romance)
- Benjamin Disraeli – leader of Conservatives (old Tories)
- Reform Act of 1867 – allows more working-class people to vote
- William Gladstone (leader of Liberals [old whigs] 1868-74
- Civil service jobs by competition instead of patronage
- Secret ballot for voting
- Education Act of 1870 provides schooling for all children
- Italian Unification
- Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)
- Industrialization = money for army
- deal with Napoleon III
- provoked Austria into invading in April 1859
- France made peace (unknown to Austria) on July 11, 1859
- Northern Italian states were in revolution & agreed to join Piedmont
- Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) – Red Shirts
- Invaded from the south, fighting for democratic republic
- determined to take Rome
- Cavour came from north, bypassed Rome, and was ready to fight
- Garibaldi conceded in favor of a United Italy
- Austro-Prussian War of 1866
- Italy joins Prussia
- Italy lost to Austria, but Prussia beat Austria
- Austria withdrew from Italy
- United Italy! September 20, 1870
- King Victor Emmanuel II (1861-1878)
- Napoleon III (1852-1870)
- Won election in 1848 – Second Republic
- Secured popular support by:
- Restore Pope to Rome after Mazzini’s Italian revolt (pleased Catholics)
- Increased security of property (pleased bourgeoisie)
- Limited child labor (workers)
- Nat’l Assembly feared his power with the people (stupid people gave up their own freedom)
- National Assembly wouldn’t let him run for reelection
- Coup d’état Dec. 1851
- Extended term to ten years – supported by majority of voters
- Second Empire – elected Emperor by majority in November 1852
- As Emperor
- Increased industrialization
- Including increasing joint-stock investment banks
- Hugely prosperous
- railroads
- Suez Canal (1869)
- rebuilt Paris (wider streets [no barricades], public squares, utilities)
- legislature – couldn’t initiate legislation or effect budget
- elected by universal male suffrage
- power slipping in 1860’s
- Napoleon allowed unions to form & strike – worked
- Power slipped due to wars anyway
- lost all power after Franco-Prussian War
- Unified Germany
- Zollvereign – customs union (economic body – apolitical)
- joined by all German states but Austria by 1853
- German states ruled by weak legislature – with Austrian, Prussian, & German representatives (mostly Austrian)
- all else done by Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
- Prussian delegate to the diet of the Germanic Confederation
- Prime Minister, wanted to update military (parliament refused)
- Updated military anyway, blaming liberals for problems
- Ruled for next few years by ignoring parliament
- Danish War (1864)
- Danish government wanted to incorporate duchies of Schleswig & Holstein (contrary to treaties)
- Austria & Prussia declare war on Denmark (quickly defeat it)
- Split the rule of the two duchies between them (Prussia ruled Schleswig)
- Leads to plan to conquer Germany from north to south (less Austrian interference)
- Austrio-Prussian War (1866)
- Bismarck set it up
- Made deals with France (territory for neutrality in Rhineland)), Italy (Venetia for support), and Russia (access to Med. For neutrality)
- Made Austria look bad (announced reform movements that Austria would object to)
- War broke out in June – lasts 7 weeks
- Austria had to fight two fronts
- Prussia had modern military
- Peace of Prague (1866)
- North German Confederation (no Austrian control—Bismarck has control)
- reduction in Austrian power leads to dual monarchy
- Italy gets Venetia
- Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)
- Causes
- Napoleon angry because he didn’t get promises from Austrio-Prussian War
- Growing anti-French sentiment among Germans
- Arguments over succession to Spanish throne
- revolution displaced Queen Isabella II
- throne offered to relative of Prussian king
- France objected (didn’t want to be surrounded by Hohenzollern family)
- king withdrew
- France demanded apology
- Bismarck edited telegram to make it extra rude to France
- France stupidly declared war (July 1870)
- Germans better equipped & organized
- Even Napoleon III was captured (though war went on for four more months)
- Results
- Another French republic
- Italy had Rome
- France gave up Alsace-Lorraine to Germany
- German Empire created
- William I of Prussia became Kaiser Wilhelm I
- messed up balance of power
- Austria
- Compromise of 1867 (Duel Monarchy)
- Franz Joseph emperor of Austria (1848-1917)
- Hungarians stayed associated with Austria – Austria-Hungary
- Minorities still excluded – Germans dominate
- Wars
- Opium War - 1839
- Crimean War (1853-56)
- Causes
- Ottoman Empire declining
- Controversy over Holy Places in Palestine
- French want them under Catholic control, have right from Ottomans to protect them
- Russians want them under Orthodox control
- Russia occupied Moldavia & Wallachia
- Britain & France declared war, mostly because big Russia=scary
- Most casualties (2/3 of 250,000) were results of disease
- Results
- dissolution of power relationships
- Austria & Russia = not buddies anymore
- Russia was weakened
- Great Britain decided the Continent could rot, for all it cared
- Austria, because it had been neutral, lost all its friends L
- New Ideas
- Karl Marx
- With friend Frederich Engles (cotton manufacturer; Marx’s financial support)
- Communist Manifesto (1848)
- “scientific socialism” – vs. “Utopian” socialism
- All historical change is based on class struggle – worker revolts
- Destiny for workers (proletariat) to rise – will create perfect society
- Religious views
- Das Kapital (1867) – often called Capital
- Details on communist ideas
- Finished by Engels after Marx’s death
- Charles Darwin
- On the Origin of Species 1859
- written from observation of Galapagos Islands on the Beagle
- slow adaptation of animals over time – survival of those with best adaptations
- Not first to argue evolution, but first to actually come up with explanation of how
- Descent of Man 1871
- applies evolutionary understandings to humans
- humans evolved with common ancestor to others
- Health Care
- Louis Pasteur (France)
- Joseph Lister (England)
- Robert Koch (Germany)
- Discoveries lead to population growth
- Auguste Comte (France 1798-1857)
- Wrote System of Positive Philosophy
- math is basis of science
- apply math to social sciences – comes up with rules for collecting & analyzing data
- continues movement toward systematic social sciences
- Realism (Arts & Culture)
- Reaction against Romanticism
- Focus on normal people in normal life, instead of sentiment
- Charles Dickens (1812-1870) best known novelist (not so much poetry as novels now)
- Art
- Gustave Corbet (France) p. 638
- Jean-François Millett also p. 638
- Music
- Franz Liszt (1811-1886) – greatest pianist ever
- Richard Wagner (1813-1883) – Liszt’s student & son-in-law
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