Chapter 21: Romanticism
- Ideologies
- Conservatism (1815-1830)
- General Conservative beliefs
- Society should have order
- Tradition maintains order
- Obey authorities, political & religious
- Edmund Burke (1729-1797) – his idea
- Society is a contract
- The state is a partnership between the people & the government
- Includes former and future generations
- No one generation should incite change
- Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821)
- “authoritarian conservative”
- Hereditary monarchy is divinely sanctioned to guarantee order
- Liberalism – people should be as free from restraint as possible
(think of the Libertarian political party, not the Democrats)
- Background & beliefs
- Mostly industrial middle class
- Laissez-faire economics
- Government only for defense, police, & public works
- Civil liberties for all
- Supported by a written document
- Voting limited by property qualifications
- Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
- Population increases faster than food, leading people to starve
- That’s natural, so it’s OK
- David Ricardo (1772-1823)
- “iron law of wages”
- Higher population means more workers
- More workers means lower wages
- Lower wages lead to starvation
- Therefore, never raise salaries
- John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
- The government has no right to tell women what to do – women have rights also
- Nationalism
- Socialism
- Human cooperation is superior to competition
- Charles Fourier (1772-1838)
- Robert Owen (1771-1858)
- Louis Blanc (1813-1882)
- Beginning of desire for government assistance to solve social problems
- Flora Tristan (1803-1844) – absolute equality
- Nations & Events
- Congress of Vienna
- Led by Austrian Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859)
- Legitimacy
- Desire to preserve the balance of power
- Build defense against potential French threat (prevent another Napoleon)
- Enlarged Netherlands (Dutch Republic + Austrian Netherlands (Belgium)
- Germanic Confederation – league of German states
- Not as fair as they pretended
- Poland established as a teeny kingdom, with Romanov dynasty as monarchs
- Punished France for welcoming Napoleon back in 100 Days
- Concert of Europe
- Decision to add France
- Revolutions in Spain & Italy (1820s)
- Principle of Intervention
- Britain walked out of the Concert
- Revolts in Latin America
- Weakening of Spanish authority when Bourbon king toppled by Napoleon
- Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)
- José de San Martín (1778-1850)
- Monroe Doctrine
- Greek Revolt – 1821
- Against Ottoman Empire
- Because of Nationalism
- 1830 – Greek independence
- Great Britain
- Tories vs. Whigs
- Peterloo Massacre
- Protests over Corn Law of 1815
- Cavalry attack on 60,000 demonstrators – 11 dead
- Government restricts public meetings and distributing pamphlets
- Reform Act of 1832 – enfranchise many new towns & disenfranchised pocket boroughs
- Poor Law of 1834 – set up workhouses
- Repeal of Corn Laws in 1846 – desire for laissez-faire economics
- France
- Louis XVIII (1814-1824)
- Moderate – angered both liberals and “ultraroyalists”
- Charles X (1824-1830)
- Sided with aristocrats whose land was seized in the revolution
- Encouraged Catholics to reestablish control
- Responded to public outrage by compromise, then violating his promises (he said the ministers should be responsible to the legislature, but lied)
- July Ordinances (1830)
- Censorship of press
- Dissolved legislative assembly
- Reduced the electorate
- July Revolution
- To Britain!
- Louis-Philippe (1830-1848) – “bourgeois monarch”
- Legislatorial divide
- Party of Movement (Adolphe Thiers) wanted ministerial responsibility
- Party of Resistance (François Guizot) though France was perfect the way it was – they dominated
- Germany
- Germanic Confederation had no real, central power
- Burschenschaften – university students & professors wanted united Germany
- “Honor, Liberty, Fatherland”
- Burned books by conservatives
- “Deranged” student killed reactionary playwright
- Karlsbad Decrees of 1819
- Closed Burschenschaften
- Censored press
- Universities controlled
- Austria
- Multinational – many ethnicities
- Germans only ¼ of population, but account for most economic & political control
- Russia
- Alexander I (1801-1825)
- Enlightened until Napoleon defeated, then reactionary
- Sudden death in 1825 lead to Decembrist Revolt
- Military leaders fought against accession of Alexander’s brother Nicholas
- Nicholas I (1825-1855)
- Strong reactionary because of Decembrist Revolt
- Secret police
- Deportations
- Monitoring of public opinion
- Called the “Policeman of Europe” because of his support for the Principle of Intervention
- Revolutions of 1848
- France
- Depression begins in 1846
- Public outcry against Guizot (Party of Resistance)
- Banquets – Grand Banquet forbidden
- Barricades
- Louis-Phillippe stepped down
- Provisional government included Louis Blanc
- Established national workshops
- Election: 500 seats to moderate republicans, 300 to monarchists, 100 to radicals
- March to June saw unemployed at national workshops grow from 10,000 to 120,000
- Close of workshops – worker revolts
- The Second Republic established 4 November 1848
- Won by nephew of Napoleon, Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
- Germany
- News of French revolt led many German rulers to promise rights
- Frankfurt Assembly
- Claimed to be government for all of Germany
- Declared Frederick William IV of Prussia to be their monarch – he refused
- Prussia
- Agreed to work for united Germany and give people rights
- Austria
- Hungarians rebel for own legislature
- Conceded temporarily, then Hungarians crushed in by Russian army in 1849
- Italy
- Young Italy, led by Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
- Put down by Austria
- Focus on Order
- Police
- Rise in property crime led to establishment of police forces
- Britain tried unpaid volunteers, but they were picked on
- Replaced by “bobbies,” after Sir Robert Peel, who enacted the legislation that created them
- Pay and professionalism
- Copied by Germans
- Prisons
- Capital punishment not effective
- Replaced by exile to foreign country (colonists objected)
- Replaced by incarceration – belief that it forced prisoners to use consciences – expensive
- Romantic Culture
- People
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
- Grimm brothers
- Hans Christian Andersen
- Walter Scott (1771-1832)
- Edgar Allan Poe (1808-1849)
- Mary Shelley (1797-1851)
- Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
- Lord Byron (1788-1824)
- William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
- Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)
- Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
- Revival of Christianity
- Esp. Catholicism – focus on romance of chivalry/Middle Ages
|
