The Reformation

Chapter 13

Terms

Notes

 Reformation Notes (Spielvogel Chapter 13)

I.Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism
A.vs. Italian Humanists – like in the south, but with greater focus on early Christianity

B.Desiderius Erasmus 1466-1536
i.saw Christianity as a philosophy

C.Thomas More (1478-1535)
i.advisor to English Kings

ii.author of Utopia – idea that society would be based on communal ownership & everyone would be nice to each other

iii.executed for opposition to Henry VIII

II.Complaints against Catholicism
A.pluralism – having more than one job and doing it badly

B.indulgences – tied to relics, time in purgatory reduced by 1,443 years
i.Pope Leo X trying to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica through their sale

C.Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)
i.Ninety-Five Theses – Luther's arguments against Catholicism (1517 – Hub Date!)
a)either nailed to church door in Wittenberg or mailed to ecclesiastical superior

ii.Broke completely with Catholicism
a)urged to go to the logical conclusion of Pope being wrong by Catholic theologian Johann Eck in the Leipzig Debate of July 1519

b)further dissented in 1520 pamphlets that argued for German overthrow of papacy, marriage of clergy, and salvation by faith

c)excommunicated in January 1521

iii.Diet of Worms
a)expected to recant

b)declared that he could not go against his conscience

iv.Lutheranism – focus on salvation by faith
a)priesthood of all believers

b)Bible in German

v.Peasants' War (1524-1525)
a)Peasant uprising using arguments against Catholicism as arguments against nobles

b)Luther sided with nobles, called peasants “robbing and murdering hordes”

c)Lutheranism tied to German government (H.R.E. Getting holy)

III.Charles V (1519-1556)
A.We meet again!

B.ruler of Spain (Charles I), grandson of Maximilian of the H.R.E. & Isabella & Ferdinand of Spain. Related to Habsburgs, becomes Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire

C.also ruled: overseas possessions of Spain (remember the New World), Austrian Habsburg lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the Netherlands, and Naples in southern Italy

D.let's fight France: The Habsburg-Valois Wars (1521-1544) [King Francis I was his nemesis]
i.Pope Clement VII gets scared of Chuck's power and fights against him in the second war. Chuck's troops sack Rome and Clement realizes that he needs to stop fighting with him.

E.Relationship with Lutheranism
i.strongly against, demanded that they return to the church

ii.leads to Schmalkaldic League (group of Lutheran cities sworn to protect each other)

iii.leads to Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1547) after Luther's death

iv.Chuck wins! But then Schmalkaldic league reestablishes itself and allies with Henry II of France (he's Catholic, but he hates Charles)

v.Charles quits, gives Germany to his brother Ferdinand

IV.Peace of Augsburg (1555 – Hub Date!)
A.formally acknowledges division between Protestants & Catholics – Lutheranism gets legal standing

B.German rulers get right to determine religion of subjects

V.Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
A.Swiss priest who believed the state should supervise the church

B.Tried to make alliance between his followers & Lutherans, but they got in a huge argument over the Lord's Supper (is it really Christ's body/blood?)

C.died in a war between Swiss Protestant cantons & Swiss Catholic cantons in 1531
i.Luther, still angry about the Marlburg Colloquy (described in B), allegedly said that Zwingli got what he deserved

VI.Anabaptists
A.advocate separation of church and state (when combined, church tends to lose)

B.tried to return to ancient practices as they perceived them
i.adult baptism

ii.democracy where each church chose its own minister from community

C.generally non-violent, but (see below)
i.Swiss Brethren staged uprising in Munster in 1534

ii.burned all books but Bible

iii.proclaimed communal ownership of all property

iv.announced that they ruled the New Jerusalem

v.combined force of Catholics & Lutherans pushed them out in 1535

VII.Henry VIII
A.wanted divorce from Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella & Aunt of Charles V)
i.They had a son, who died after six weeks

ii.then they had a series of miscarriages & stillbirths, but finally a daughter named Mary

iii.no more kids

iv.she was his deceased brother's wife, so he thought he had been cursed because he had taken her, rendering his marriage unofficial and him living in sin

v.wanted son – Pope refused to annul marriage (Charles had held Pope prisoner for 7 months while trying to take over Europe)

vi.Henry declared himself head of Anglican Church

vii.divorced Catherine

B.married Anne Boleyn, a lady at court (sister of his mistress, who he had already fathered a son with)
i.Anne had daughter, Elizabeth

ii.had a serious accident while riding, worried about his own mortality

iii.accused Anne of adultery, had her (and five men) executed

C.married Jane Seymour
i.had Edward (yes, a son), but died in childbirth (incidentally Edward was always sickly and died at age 16, after he was king, but this is how it ended up in the hands of Mary)

D.married Anne of Cleves
i.rumored to have been ugly

ii.King Henry immediately divorced her

E.married Catherine Howard, another lady at court
i.She really did cheat on him, executed 1542

F.married Catherine Parr
i.she raised his kids

VIII.Mary I (1553-1558) - “Bloody Mary”
A.wanted to restore England to Catholicism, to undo the sins of her father

B.married to Charles V's son, Philip II of Spain

C.burned 300+ Protestants at the stake

D.very unpopular – after her reign, England was more firmly entrenched as Protestant than ever

IX.John Calvin (1509-1564)
A.educated in humanistic studies and law in his native France

B.Calvinism
i.similar to Lutheranism, but focus on absolute sovereignty of God
a)hence focus on predestination

ii.moves to Geneva under Calvin, making it a center for Protestantism

iii.replaces Lutheranism as dominant Protestant doctrine by 1550s

X.Social changes from Protestantism
A.focus on family (end celibacy of clergy)
i.roles outside husband/wife become more limited for women

B.education for all (provide new ministers & followers)
i.Luther's idea

C.move from communal worship to individual worship
i.no more saints' days, processions, statues

D.ban on carnivals, dancing, etc. (no fun)

XI.Catholic Reformation
A.Catholicism's answer to the Protestants

B.Jesuits
i.officially the Society of Jesus

ii.founded by Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
a)submit to the will of the church

iii.society focuses on three things
a)schools

b)missionary work

c)Catholic apologists worked against Protestantism

C.Council of Trent 1545-1563 (in three sessions)
i.reaffirmed Catholic doctrine*

ii.both faith & good works necessary for salvation

iii.scripture & tradition of equal authority in religious matters
a)only the church can interpret scripture

iv.no more pluralisms

v.indulgences work, but can't be sold

XII.French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
A.Huguenots (French Calvinists)

B.French leadership
i.King Henry II killed in a tournament accident

ii.his wife, Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) controlled her sons, who were technically the kings

iii.staunch Catholics

C.Sister of reigning Valois king was going to marry Henry of Navarre, a leading Huguenot
i.Huguenots see it as a chance for equal treatment, show up in Paris for wedding party

ii.at suggestion of Catherine, thousands slaughtered (St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre)

D.Edict of Nantes (1598)
i.Catholicism official religion of France

ii.Huguenots have right to worship and protected (fortified) cities

XIII.Philip II of Spain (1556-1598)
A.son of Charles V, ruler of Spain, Netherlands, Naples

B.staunch Catholic, felt it was his duty to save Europe of Protestants
i.supported by populace, who were also staunch Catholics (remember those with differing viewpoints were expelled by great-grandma & grandpa Isabella & Ferdinand)

C.tried to strengthen control in Netherlands
i.William of Orange rebelled, Netherlands becomes independent

D.wants to bring England back to Catholicism (had been married to Mary I)
i.Spanish Armada 1588 (Hub date!)
a)ill-equipped and understaffed invasion of England

b)trusted God to save them

c)He didn't.

d)End of Spain's naval dominance (more psychological than actual)

XIV.Elizabeth I
A.long-lived monarch

B.known for being friendly to both Catholics & Protestants
i.but not to Puritans, Calvinists who wanted to “purify” the Church of England by destroying any vestigial traces of Catholicism

C.brilliant foreign policy of not being good friends or real enemies to anybody

D.brilliant woman who knew Shakespeare (some thought she WAS him, but that's just classicism)

E.period called “Elizabethan Era” – golden age for England